Organized crime in Singapore
Founded	1820
Founding location	Singapore
Territory	Active in many parts of Singapore, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Fujian
Ethnicity	Chinese, Cantonese
Membership	Ghee Hin Kongsi, Hokkiens, Hakka, Teochew
Criminal activities	Racketeering, drug trafficking, corruption, dacoity, smuggling, entryism, extortion, loan sharking, human trafficking, money laundering, robbery, gambling, bribery, skimming and murder
Allies	Tiandihui, Triads, Salakau

Organized crime in Singapore has a long history with secret societies such as Ghee HinKongsi carrying out their activities in the 19th century. These organized groups hold great relevance to Singaporean modern history. Since 1890, organized groups began fading from Singapore, decline in street organized crime in the past years due to legislation has been put place to ensure authorities suppress the activities of criminal gangs. Contemporary Singapore witnessed a significant rise in other forms of crime —organized cyber-crime.

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Historical background[edit]

Colonial Singapore Flag from 1946-1952

The first secret society group[edit]

Organized criminal gangs existed in Singapore long before the arrival of the British. Formed in 1820, Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui) based in Fujian, an offshoot of the Ghee HinKongsi was the first secret group formed in Singapore.^[1]

British colony of Singapore[edit]

Organized crime was on a steady rise in the following years as a result of immigration triggered by the arrival of the British since 1946.^[2] The mass immigration played a crucial role in the economic development during the colonial era by availing large population for labors. However, the rapid growth in the ethnic Chinese population came with cost as secret societies were formed. Immigrants formed their own “community” based on the notion of brotherhood generally known as Hui, which loosely translates into a vast family or company. When joining Hui, one had to cut their fingers with a knife, and the blood that dripped down would be added into rice wine, then it would be drunk as a sign of brotherhood.^[1]

Early 19th century[edit]

The formation of this secret society (Hui) played an important role to the immigrants from China during the early 19th century. This group was particularly helpful to these Chinese immigrants during their encounters with colonial government officials who were ignorant of the Chinese language and culture. They would take advantage of these situations to lure the Chinese into joining 'Hui'. They offered a source of livelihood to the immigrants, offered protection and most imperatively presided over activities that united them and gave them a sense of belonging and spiritual fulfillment.^[1] The Hui were involved in a sourcing of unskilled native labourers as well as other profit making ventures such as pepper and gambier farming.^[3]

At the beginning of the 19th century Hui adopted a clarion call of mutual assistance, bonding and brotherhood^[3] and the colonial government's attitude towards the secret society is ambiguous due to political independence and the inability of the colony's administration. However, by mid 19th century their activities had deteriorated sharply creating impressions of disorder and violence.

Mid-19th century[edit]

Organized crime groups were posing huge problems to the routine and security of people, which forced the British authorities to curb the growing problem. These secret societies intensified their criminal activities from 1850s steadily evolving into organized crimes. They started with simple acts of crime extortion, trafficking and opium dealings before expanding to bigger criminal ventures like running illegal gambling dens and brothels. Organized crime groups started to scuffle with other gangs in order to take over their “turf” and threatened other citizens to pay protection money in return for their so-called ‘protection’. The most ferocious organized crime group was GheeHinKongsi; estimated to have 800 members, this group was largely made of the Cantonese.^[1] Other secret societies involved in crime include the Hai San, a gang that rivalled the Ghee Hin group in competition for land houses and business opportunities. Major legislative development in the colonial government led to the suppression of secret societies as law enforcement authorities thwarted the activities of organized crime.

Modern trends[edit]

In Singapore just like any other country in the world, organized crime is considered a criminal act and includes running unlicensed money lending facilities and operating illegal gambling dens among other crimes. Given the severe penalty attached to them, Singapore records an average low crime rate compared to the rest of the world. However, some smaller groups have come together to form some secret groups that takes after the past secret groups like 'Hui'. These groups membership is primarily adolescent teenagers.^[4] Singapore has registered an increase in gang related activities in the recent past with drug trafficking being the major organized crime in the recent times owing to its immense profits. Since 1970s these groups have emerged at different times running various illegal activities and engaging in violent activities in the pursuit of their interests which includes unlicensed money lending and drug trafficking. Salakau gang is also another recent example of organized crime. This group drew its members from the Indians and Malays and made huge amounts of money through engaging in extortion and prostitution. Gang rivalry and conflicts between different gangs is a common phenomenon. Even in the present days, there is still a growing number of rebellious youths who subscribe to the ideologies of gang stars thinking being in a gang makes people look cool.^[5] A typical example can be traced back to 1990 where some teenagers in “pseudo street gangs” were obsessed with Salaku believing that such an affiliation was cool. These teenagers would be heard chanting the Salakau slogans in their squabbles without being its group members.

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) is still considered a primary target for organized cyber criminals in Singapore. This infrastructure includes the Banking and Finance industry which is likely to suffer major losses which may affect the country's economy ^[6] .An insurance company suffered major losses in 2017 when a group of hackers attacked the company's website leaking personal information for more than 5000 customers.

Organized cyber-crime[edit]

Organized cyber-crime in Singapore has been a threat to both private and public sector including government's security agencies. The cyber-attack on the Ministry of Defense in February 2017 was an example of case where a government agency became a target for cyber criminals.^[7] Personal details of military personnel were leaked during the attack carried out by hackers. The attack was thwarted before the hackers could access classified military information. Private businesses have also registered losses as a result of cyber-attacks such as the Wannacry Ransomware in 2017 which compelled victims to send a ransom of particular amount to the criminals ^[8]

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Gambling Statistics Singapore 2019